The Population Estimation Survey (PESS) is the first extensive household sample survey to be carried out among the Somali population in decades. This report provides reliable and comprehensive population estimates by region and important demographic characteristics. Prior to this, Somalis have had to endure a long spell of absence of information on the numbers of people in each region and important characteristics of the Somali people. The last information available on population is from a census conducted in 1975, which published limited results; the results from another population census conducted from 1985 to 1986 were never released into the public domain.